Inteligența artificială în investigarea infracțiunilor medicale: perspective și provocări

1 World Health Organization. Patient Safety. WHO, 2019.

2 Ibidem.

3 Slawomirski, Lucian, Ane Auraaen, and Niek Klazinga. In: The Economics of Patient Safety. OECD Health Working Papers, no. 96, 2017.

4 Vincent, Charles, Graham Neale, and Maria Woloshynowych. Adverse Events in British Hospitals: Preliminary Retrospective Record Review. . In: BMJ, vol. 322, no. 7285, 2001, pp. 517-519. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7285.517

5 O'Connor, E., Coates, H. M., Yardley, I. E., and Wu, A. W. Disclosure of Patient Safety Incidents: A Comprehensive Review. In: International Journal for Quality in Health Care, vol. 22, no. 5, 2010, pp. 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzq042

6 Rosenbaum, Lisa. The Untold Toll - The Pandemic's Effects on Patients without Covid-19. In: The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 382, no. 24, 2020, pp. 2368-2371. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMms2009984

7 Topol, Eric J. Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again. Basic Books, 2019.

8 European Parliament and Council. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union, 2016.

9 Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 8th ed., Oxford University Press, 2019.

10 LeCun, Yann, Yoshua Bengio, and Geoffrey Hinton. Deep Learning. In: Nature, vol. 521, no. 7553, 2015, pp. 436-444. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539

11 Obermeyer, Ziad, and Ezekiel J. Emanuel. Predicting the Future - Big Data, Machine Learning, and Clinical Medicine. In: The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 375, no. 13, 2016, pp. 1216-1219. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1606181

12 Esteva, Andre, et al. A Guide to Deep Learning in Healthcare. In: Nature Medicine, vol. 25, no. 1, 2019, pp. 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0316-z

13 European Parliament and Council. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union, 2016.

14 Rudin, Cynthia. Stop Explaining Black Box Machine Learning Models for High Stakes Decisions and Use Interpretable Models Instead. In: Nature Machine Intelligence, vol. 1, no. 5, 2019, pp. 206-215. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0048-x

15 European Parliament and Council. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union, 2016.

16 Ibidem.

17 The European Commission's legislative proposal for the regulation of artificial intelligence (2021) is known as the 'AI Act.'

18 Jobin, Anna, Marcello Ienca, and Effy Vayena. The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines. In: Nature Machine Intelligence, vol. 1, no. 9, 2019, pp. 389-399. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2

19 Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. In: Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 8th ed., Oxford University Press, 2019.

20 LeCun, Yann, Yoshua Bengio, and Geoffrey Hinton. Deep Learning. In: Nature, vol. 521, no. 7553, 2015, pp. 436-444. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539

21 Esteva, Andre, et al. A Guide to Deep Learning in Healthcare. In: Nature Medicine, vol. 25, no. 1, 2019, pp. 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0316-z

22 McKinney, Scott M., et al. International Evaluation of an AI System for Breast Cancer Screening. In: Nature, vol. 577, no. 7788, 2020, pp. 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-03822-8

23 Arrieta, Alejandro Barredo, et al. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, Taxonomies, Opportunities and Challenges Toward Responsible AI. Information Fusion, vol. 58, 2020, pp. 82-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2019.12.012

24 Weiskopf, Nicole G., and Chunhua Weng. Methods and Dimensions of Electronic Health Record Data Quality Assessment: Enabling Reuse for Clinical Research. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, vol. 20, no. 1, 2013, pp. 144-151. https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000681

25 European Parliament and Council. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation ). Official Journal of the European Union, 2016.

26 Topol, Eric J. Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again. Basic Books, 2019.

27 Obermeyer, Ziad, and Ezekiel J. Emanuel. Predicting the Future - Big Data, Machine Learning, and Clinical Medicine. In: The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 375, no. 13, 2016, pp. 1216-1219. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1606181

28 Esteva, Andre, et al. A Guide to Deep Learning in Healthcare. In: Nature Medicine, vol. 25, no. 1, 2019, pp. 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogrm.2018.12.005

29 Weiskopf, Nicole G., and Chunhua Weng. Methods and Dimensions of Electronic Health Record Data Quality Assessment: Enabling Reuse for Clinical Research. In: Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, vol. 20, no. 1, 2013, pp. 144-151. https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000681

30 European Parliament and Council. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union, 2016.

31 Samek, Wojciech, et al. Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Understanding, Visualizing and Interpreting Deep Learning Models. In: ITU Journal: ICT Discoveries, special issue 1, 2018, pp. 39-48.

32 Swan, Melanie. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. O'Reilly Media, 2015.

33 Floridi, Luciano. The Philosophy of Information. Oxford University Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444396836.ch10

34 Goodman, Bryce, and Seth Flaxman. European Union Regulations on Algorithmic Decision-Making and a 'Right to Explanation'. In: AI Magazine, vol. 38, no. 3, 2017, pp. 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v38i3.2741

35 Bauder, Richard A. and Khoshgoftaar, Taghi M. A Study on Rare Fraud Predictions with Big Medicare Claims Fraud Data. 1 Jan. 2020: 141-161. https://doi.org/10.3233/IDA-184415

36 McKinney, Scott M., et al. International Evaluation of an AI System for Breast Cancer Screening. In: Nature, vol. 577, no. 7788, 2020, pp. 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-03822-8

37 Weiskopf, Nicole G., and Chunhua Weng. Methods and Dimensions of Electronic Health Record Data Quality Assessment: Enabling Reuse for Clinical Research. In: Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, vol. 20, no. 1, 2013, pp. 144-151. https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000681

38 Goodman, Bryce, and Seth Flaxman. European Union Regulations on Algorithmic Decision-Making and a 'Right to Explanation'. In: AI Magazine, vol. 38, no. 3, 2017, pp. 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v38i3.2741

39 Samek, Wojciech, et al. Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Understanding, Visualizing and Interpreting Deep Learning Models. In: ITU Journal: ICT Discoveries, special issue 1, 2018, pp. 39-48.

40 European Parliament and Council. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union, 2016.

41 Bates, David W., et al. Big Data in Health Care: Using Analytics to Identify and Manage High-Risk and High-Cost Patients. In: Health Affairs, vol. 33, no. 7, 2014, pp. 1123-1131. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0041

42 Rudin, Cynthia. Stop Explaining Black Box Machine Learning Models for High Stakes Decisions and Use Interpretable Models Instead. In: Nature Machine Intelligence, vol. 1, no. 5, 2019, pp. 206-215. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0048-x

43 Kahn, Michael G., et al. Transparent Reporting of Data Quality in Distributed Data Networks. In: EGEMS, vol. 3, no. 1, 2015, p. 7. https://doi.org/10.13063/2327-9214.1052

44 Goodman, Bryce, and Seth Flaxman. European Union Regulations on Algorithmic Decision-Making and a 'Right to Explanation'. In: AI Magazine, vol. 38, no. 3, 2017, pp. 50-57.https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v38i3.2741